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<title>Ophrys apifera</title>

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Ophrys apifera

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other plants also called "bee orchid", see <a href="Bee_orchid_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bee orchid (disambiguation)">bee orchid</a>.</div>

<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Ophrys apifera

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a>

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<td>Kingdom:

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<td><a href="Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a>

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<td>Clade:

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<td><a href="Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a>

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<td>Clade:

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<td><a href="Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a>

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<td>Clade:

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<td><a href="Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">Monocots</a>

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<td>Order:

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<td><a href="Asparagales" title="Asparagales">Asparagales</a>

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<td>Family:

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<td><a href="Orchid" title="Orchid">Orchidaceae</a>

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<td>Subfamily:

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<td><a href="Orchidoideae" title="Orchidoideae">Orchidoideae</a>

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<td>Genus:

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<td><a href="Ophrys" title="Ophrys">Ophrys</a>

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<td>Species:

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<td><div style="display:inline" class="species">O. apifera</div>

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a>

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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Ophrys apifera <div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="William_Hudson_(botanist)" title="William Hudson (botanist)">Huds.</a></div>

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>

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<ul><li>Orchis apifera (Huds.) <a href="Richard_Anthony_Salisbury" title="Richard Anthony Salisbury">Salisb.</a></li>

<li>Arachnites apifera (Huds.) <a href="Georg_Franz_Hoffmann" title="Georg Franz Hoffmann">Hoffm.</a></li>

<li>Ophrys chlorantha <a href="Johannes_Jacob_Hegetschweiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Jacob Hegetschweiler">Hegetschw.</a> & <a href="Oswald_Heer" title="Oswald Heer">Heer</a></li>

<li>Ophrys insectifera var. andrachnites</li></ul>

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Ophrys apifera, known in Europe as the bee orchid, is a <a href="Perennial_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial plant">perennial</a> <a href="Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">herbaceous plant</a> of the genus <a href="Ophrys" title="Ophrys">Ophrys</a>, in the family of <a href="Orchidaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchidaceae">Orchidaceae</a>. It serves as an example of <a href="Sexual_mimicry#Interspecific_deceptive_mimicry" title="Sexual mimicry">sexually deceptive pollination</a> and floral mimicry, a highly selective and highly evolved plant–pollinator relationship.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div>

Ophrys apifera grows to a height of 15–50 centimetres (6–20 in). This hardy orchid develops small rosettes of <a href="Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a> in autumn that continue to grow slowly during winter. Basal leaves are ovate or oblong-lanceolate, and upper leaves and bracts are ovate-lanceolate and sheathing. Leaves exhibit parallel venation.

The plant blooms from mid-April in continental Europe, but in the <a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> it flowers June to July. A flower spike is produced, composed from one to twelve flowers. Three large, purple <a href="Sepal" title="Sepal">sepals</a> surround the base of the flower, which can easily be mistaken for <a href="Petal" title="Petal">petals</a>. The true petals lie just above the sepals as two short, pubescent green structures protruding laterally from a central column. A third, modified petal, the <a href="Labellum_(botany)" title="Labellum (botany)">labellum</a>, sits at the bottom of the column as a landing pad for pollinators. The labellum is trilobed, with two pronounced humps on the hairy lateral lobes and a hairy median lobe having a pattern that mimics the abdomen of a <a href="Bee" title="Bee">bee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ray-2015-3">[3]</a> The pattern of labellum colouration is quite variable.

The central column is an adaptation unique to orchids, in which the stamens and pistil fused together to form one central rib.<a href="#cite_note-Ray-2015-3">[3]</a> The anther cap can be found at the top, dorsal side of the column, while the stigma is hidden below on the ventral side. Two <a href="Pollinium" title="Pollinium">pollinia</a> hang from the column over the labellum.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2></div>

Ophrys apifera is widespread across central and southern Europe, as well as North Africa and the Middle East. Its range stretches from <a href="Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> and <a href="Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> east to <a href="Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and the <a href="Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>. It is quite common in the <a href="Mediterranean_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean region">Mediterranean region</a> eastwards to the <a href="Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> (Codes) <a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> but is less common in its northern range being uncommon or local in <a href="Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and Ireland.

In the United Kingdom, it has a distinct southeastern preference, being more common in England. Recently it has been found in the southwest of England in <a href="Butleigh" title="Butleigh">Butleigh</a> near <a href="Glastonbury" title="Glastonbury">Glastonbury</a> in <a href="Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a> and Dorchester, Dorset; whereas it is only to be found in coastal regions of <a href="Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> as well as the <a href="Hodbarrow_Nature_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Hodbarrow Nature Reserve">Hodbarrow Nature Reserve</a> in <a href="Millom" title="Millom">Millom</a>, Cumbria,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> and some parts of <a href="Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>. It is relatively common in the northeast of England and in recent years large numbers have appeared in the grass verges surrounding the <a href="MetroCentre_(shopping_centre)" class="mw-redirect" title="MetroCentre (shopping centre)">Metro Centre</a> in <a href="Gateshead" title="Gateshead">Gateshead</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> In <a href="Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, it was thought to be extinct, but was rediscovered in <a href="Ayrshire" title="Ayrshire">Ayrshire</a> in 2003. In some countries the plants have protected status. They are unusual in that in some years they appear in great numbers, then sometimes only reappear after an absence of many years.

The genus Ophrys is the most species-rich (i.e. diverse) genus of orchids in Europe and the Mediterranean with over 200 species, according to Orchids of Britain and Europe by Pierre Delforge.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Habitat_and_ecology">Habitat and ecology</h2></div>

Ophrys apifera generally grows on semi-dry <a href="Sod" title="Sod">turf</a>, in <a href="Grassland" title="Grassland">grassland</a>, on limestone, calcareous dunes or in open areas in woodland. It prefers well-drained calcareous soils, low in nutrients, in bright light or dim light.<a href="#cite_note-livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk-8">[8]</a> It is a major colonizer of sites disturbed by human activity, such as old quarries, roadside verges and airfields.<a href="#cite_note-n1500-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> O. apifera is one of the most likely European orchid species to establish itself within towns and cities.

In order to extract sufficient nutrients from the substrata it grows in, Ophrys apifera relies upon a symbiotic relationship with <a href="Mycorrhizal_fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycorrhizal fungi">mycorrhizal fungi</a> in the genus <a href="Tulasnella" title="Tulasnella">Tulasnella</a>, and possibly other genera.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk-8">[8]</a>

Bee orchids are threatened by mowing during flowering, or before the seed has been released. However, they often also disappear from sites that become overgrown with shrubs and/or trees, as the orchids fail to compete with these large plants for light. For these reasons, bee orchids are often found on the edge of mown areas, beside paths or within areas that are mown very infrequently. The Sussex Wildlife Trust recommends mowing at the end of July and removing the cuttings to benefit bee orchids.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> In prehistory, the species presumably relied upon seasonal grazing pressure, or was limited to early succession habitats and permanent grassland.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h2></div>

Ophrys apifera has been considered to preferentially practice <a href="Self-pollination" title="Self-pollination">self-pollination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The flowers are almost exclusively self-pollinating in the northern ranges of the plant's distribution, however pollination by the <a href="Solitary_bee" class="mw-redirect" title="Solitary bee">solitary bee</a> <a href="Eucera_longicornis" title="Eucera longicornis">Eucera longicornis</a> occurs in the Mediterranean region, where Ophrys apifera is more common. E. longicornis males have been observed attempting to copulate with the flowers,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> which emit <a href="Allomone" title="Allomone">allomones</a> that mimic the scent of the female bee. These allomones are also known to attract bee species Tetralonia cressa and Eucera pulveraceae. In addition to chemosensory mimicry, the labellum of the flower acts as a visual decoy that the male bee confuses for a female.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> It is believed that male bees preferentially select orchids with the most bee-like labellum and attempt copulation, at which point the pollinia stick to the bee during the <a href="Pseudocopulation" title="Pseudocopulation">pseudocopulation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> This achieves pollen transfer and, potentially, pollination.

Ophrys like other orchids are dependent on <a href="Symbiotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbiotic">symbiotic</a> <a href="Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a> at some point during their life cycle, but especially for <a href="Germination" title="Germination">germination</a>, which may take months or even years underground. Orchid roots contain <a href="Orchid_mycorrhiza" title="Orchid mycorrhiza">orchid mycorrhiza</a>, coils of fungal hyphae inside orchid root cells.<a href="#cite_note-schweiger-19">[19]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phytochemistry">Phytochemistry</h2></div>

Floral parts display the presence of <a href="Quercetin" title="Quercetin">quercetin</a> and <a href="Kaempferol" title="Kaempferol">kaempferol</a> glycosides, which are supposed to be acylated, as well as cinnamic acid derivatives. The pink outer tepals show the presence of anthocyanins.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div>

The name Ophrys derives from the Greek word ophrys, meaning "eyebrow." It is believed that women in ancient Rome used to darken their eyebrows with the orchid plant, thus giving it its name.<a href="#cite_note-Addam-2015-22">[22]</a> The Latin <a href="Specific_name_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific name (botany)">specific epithet</a> apifera means "bee-bearing" or "bee-bringing"<a href="#cite_note-Latindict-23">[23]</a> and refers to the bee-shaped labellum of the orchid.

Its root tubers were ground into a powder called <a href="Salep" title="Salep">salep</a> in the Ottoman Empire, which was believed to have nutritional, medicinal, and aphrodisiac values.<a href="#cite_note-Kasparek-199-24">[24]</a> The product's popularity spread to England in the 17th and 18th century and then to a few other European countries. Salep is still used today in medicines and traditional dishes in Turkey, which was formerly the region of the Ottoman Empire, and throughout the Middle East. It is also a popular import in the Netherlands, Cyprus, and Germany for its supposed medicinal properties.<a href="#cite_note-Kasparek-199-24">[24]</a>

Ophrys apifera is the <a href="County_flowers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="County flowers of the United Kingdom">county flower</a> of <a href="Bedfordshire" title="Bedfordshire">Bedfordshire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a>

This species has appeared on postage stamps in many countries including <a href="Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>, <a href="Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, the <a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and the <a href="USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In 2009 the bee orchid appeared in a series of stamps printed in the United Kingdom to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the publication of <a href="Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s <a href="Origin_of_Species" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of Species">Origin of Species</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecological_concerns">Ecological concerns</h3></div>

There are local extinctions of Ophrys spp. and potentially O. apifera in Turkey and Iran due to the excessive harvesting of wild orchids to produce salep products.<a href="#cite_note-Kasparek-199-24">[24]</a>

Since O. apifera relies heavily on its symbiotic relationship with Tulasnella fungi for survival, it is vulnerable to any chemicals, particularly fungicides, and threats which might reduce the fungi's prevalence.<a href="#cite_note-Addam-2015-22">[22]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Species_status">Species status</h3></div>

Protected species status in Northern Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a>

Endangered (EN) species status in Turkey, Ukraine, and Carpathian Mountains.<a href="#cite_note-Osiadacz-2014-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a>

Critically Endangered (CR) species status in Czech Republic and Slovakia.<a href="#cite_note-Osiadacz-2014-29">[29]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laws/regulations">Laws/regulations</h3></div>

The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) named O. apifera an endangered species that is potentially an object of trade, setting strict regulations on trade of salep products.<a href="#cite_note-Osiadacz-2014-29">[29]</a> Turkey, Iran, Germany, the Netherlands, and Cyprus are all Parties to CITES and, in theory, must follow those regulations.

Turkey has banned the export of true salep (salep made from an orchid root).<a href="#cite_note-Kasparek-199-24">[24]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2></div>

The specific evolutionary relationships between members of this genus are still poorly understood, and the best method for classifying orchid species and their variants is highly debated.<a href="#cite_note-Borg-Karlson-1990-31">[31]</a> Some researchers propose classifying species based on their pollination tactics, while others propose classifying them based on the type of chemical emitted from the flower. A widely used and generally accepted method of classification distinguishes orchid species based on flower morphology.<a href="#cite_note-Borg-Karlson-1990-31">[31]</a> The taxonomy of O. apifera based on this classification scheme is as follows:

Kingdom Plantae, Phylum Tracheophyta, Subphylum Angiospermae, Class Liliopsida, Order Asparagales, Family Orchidaceae, Subfamily Orchidoideae, Genus Ophyrus, Species O. apifera.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties">Varieties</h2></div>

<ul><li>Ophrys apifera var. apifera</li>

<li>Ophrys apifera var. aurita</li>

<li>Ophrys apifera var. bicolor</li>

<li>Ophrys apifera var. botteronii</li>

<li>Ophrys apifera var. friburgensis</li>

<li>Ophrys apifera var. immaculata</li>

<li>Ophrys apifera var. trollii</li>

<li>Ophrys apifera var. fulvofusca</li>

<li>Ophrys apifera var. belgarum</li>

<li>Ophrys apifera var. jurana</li>

<li>Ophrys apifera var. atrofuscus</li></ul>

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</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:1088px;max-width:1088px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Varieties of Ophrys apifera</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"></div><div class="thumbcaption">Ophrys apifera var. aurita</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"></div><div class="thumbcaption">Ophrys apifera var. bicolor</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"></div><div class="thumbcaption">Ophrys apifera var. botteronii</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"></div><div class="thumbcaption">Ophrys apifera var. trollii</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"></div><div class="thumbcaption">Ophrys apifera var. fulvofusca</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"></div><div class="thumbcaption">Ophrys apifera var. belgarum</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"></div><div class="thumbcaption">Ophrys apifera var. jurana</div></div></div></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ophrys_apifera" class="extiw external" title="commons:Ophrys apifera">Ophrys apifera</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li>

<li> Data related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ophrys_apifera" class="extiw external" title="wikispecies:Ophrys apifera">Ophrys apifera</a> at Wikispecies</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id42170/">Biolib</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/index2.php?scientific-name=ophrys+apifera">Ophrys apifera</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:647746-1">Ophrys apifera | Plants of the World Online</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orchidsofbritainandeurope.co.uk/index.htm">Orchids of Britain and Europe</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Orchid_of_the_Year_in_Germany33" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Orchid_of_the_Year" title="Orchid of the Year">Orchid of the Year</a> in Germany</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dactylorhiza_majalis" title="Dactylorhiza majalis">Western marsh orchid (1989)</a></li>

<li><a href="Anacamptis_pyramidalis" title="Anacamptis pyramidalis">Pyramidal orchid (1990)</a></li>

<li><a href="Anacamptis_morio" title="Anacamptis morio">Green-winged orchid (1991)</a></li>

<li><a href="Neottia_ovata" title="Neottia ovata">Common twayblade (1992)</a></li>

<li><a href="Orchis_militaris" title="Orchis militaris">Military orchid (1993)</a></li>

<li><a href="Liparis_loeselii" title="Liparis loeselii">Fen orchid (1994)</a></li>

<li><a href="Cypripedium_calceolus" title="Cypripedium calceolus">Lady's-slipper orchid (1996)</a></li>

<li><a href="Anacamptis_coriophora" title="Anacamptis coriophora">Bug orchid (1997)</a></li>

<li><a href="Epipactis_palustris" title="Epipactis palustris">Marsh helleborine (1998)</a></li>

<li><a href="Himantoglossum_hircinum" title="Himantoglossum hircinum">Lizard orchid (1999)</a></li>

<li><a href="Cephalanthera_rubra" title="Cephalanthera rubra">Red helleborine (2000)</a></li>

<li><a href="Spiranthes_spiralis" title="Spiranthes spiralis">Autumn lady's-tresses (2001)</a></li>

<li><a href="Neottia_nidus-avis" title="Neottia nidus-avis">Bird's-nest orchid (2002)</a></li>

<li><a href="Ophrys_insectifera" title="Ophrys insectifera">Fly orchid (2003)</a></li>

<li><a href="Coeloglossum" class="mw-redirect" title="Coeloglossum">Frog orchid (2004)</a></li>

<li><a href="Neotinea_ustulata" title="Neotinea ustulata">Burnt orchid (2005)</a></li>

<li><a href="Epipactis_helleborine" title="Epipactis helleborine">Broad-leaved helleborine (2006)</a></li>

<li><a href="Gymnadenia_rhellicani" title="Gymnadenia rhellicani">Nigritella nigra subsp. rhellicani (2007)</a></li>

<li><a href="Dactylorhiza_praetermissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dactylorhiza praetermissa">Southern marsh orchid (2008)</a></li>

<li><a href="Orchis_mascula" title="Orchis mascula">Early purple orchid (2009)</a></li>

<li><a href="Cypripedium_calceolus" title="Cypripedium calceolus">Lady's-slipper orchid (2010)</a></li>

<li><a href="Platanthera_bifolia" title="Platanthera bifolia">Lesser butterfly orchid (2011)</a></li>

<li><a href="Orchis_pallens" title="Orchis pallens">Orchis pallens (2012)</a></li>

<li><a href="Orchis_purpurea" title="Orchis purpurea">Lady orchid (2013)</a></li>

<li><a href="Epipogium_aphyllum" title="Epipogium aphyllum">Ghost orchid (2014)</a></li>

<li><a href="Dactylorhiza_incarnata" title="Dactylorhiza incarnata">Early marsh orchid (2015)</a></li>

<li><a href="Spiranthes_aestivalis" title="Spiranthes aestivalis">Summer lady's-tresses (2016)</a></li>

<li><a href="Cephalanthera_damasonium" title="Cephalanthera damasonium">White helleborine (2017)</a></li>

<li>Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. sphagnicola (2018)</li>

<li><a href="Neotinea_tridentata" title="Neotinea tridentata">Three-toothed orchid (2019)</a></li>

<li><a href="Dactylorhiza_majalis" title="Dactylorhiza majalis">Broad-leaved marsh orchid (2020)</a></li>

<li><a href="Goodyera_repens" title="Goodyera repens">Creeping lady's-tresses (2021)</a></li>

<li><a href="Epipactis_atrorubens" title="Epipactis atrorubens">Dark red helleborine (2022)</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers4746" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers4746" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Taxon identifiers</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Ophrys apifera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159291" class="extiw external" title="wikidata:Q159291">Q159291</a></li>

<li><a href="Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ophrys_apifera" class="extiw external" title="wikispecies:Ophrys apifera">Ophrys apifera</a></li>

<li><a href="ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/ophrys-apifera/">ophrys-apifera</a></li>

<li>BioLib: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id42170">42170</a></li>

<li><a href="EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/OPRAP">OPRAP</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/189669">189669</a></li>

<li>FoIO: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://flora.org.il/en/plants/OPHAPI">OPHAPI</a></li>

<li><a href="INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/83816">83816</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0000461294">NHMSYS0000461294</a></li>

<li><a href="Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/7116/">7116</a></li>

<li>PalDat: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paldat.org/pub/Ophrys_apifera">Ophrys_apifera</a></li>

<li><a href="Plants_for_a_Future" title="Plants for a Future">PfaF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ophrys+apifera">Ophrys apifera</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-140745">kew-140745</a></li>

<li><a href="Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/808739B6-B06E-5D1F-3C7E-3807818A916B">808739B6-B06E-5D1F-3C7E-3807818A916B</a></li>

<li><a href="Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A647746-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:647746-1</a></li>

<li><a href="CITES" title="CITES">Species+</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://speciesplus.net/#/taxon_concepts/25262">25262</a></li>

<li><a href="Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/23500891">23500891</a></li>

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